The Battery Footprint Co. | Battery LCA & Supply Chain Intelligence

Why it matters

Why environmental intelligence
matters now

Environmental performance is becoming a core business metric. Investors are scrutinising it, customers are demanding evidence of it, and regulators are mandating disclosure of it — rigorous, defensible data is now a baseline expectation, not a differentiator.

Step 1 Diagnose

Understand where your impacts actually come from

Materials 28%

Electricity 24%

Fuels 18%

Heat 13%

Transport 9%

Process Emissions 8%

Click any segment or category to explore what drives it.

environmental indicators can be evaluated, covering climate change, resource use, water, toxicity, and beyond — not just a single carbon figure.

Before you can reduce your footprint, you need to know where it comes from. I map environmental impacts at process level — identifying the hotspots that drive results and the areas that are often overlooked.

Step 2 Benchmark

See how you stack up against industry

60%

reduction

~50,000 t CO₂e saved per year

at commercial scale — equivalent to removing approximately 11,000 cars from the road annually

Knowing your own footprint is only half the picture. Benchmarking reveals where you stand globally — your contribution relative to the industry, your leverage points, and the commercial and reputational case for doing better.

Step 3 Act

Build a credible decarbonisation pathway

Measurement without action is just reporting. I translate LCA results into prioritised, evidence-based decarbonisation pathways — quantifying the impact of each lever so you know where to focus first.

Step 4 Validate

Defensible results, ready for scrutiny

Results that need to stand up to scrutiny require more than internal sign-off. Whether the standard is ISO 14040/14044, ISO 14067, GHG Protocol, EU Battery Regulation, or a bespoke client framework, I can review your LCA or PCF study independently — checking that it is technically sound, methodologically defensible, and ready for any audience.

Interested in understanding your environmental performance?

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What I do

Expert analysis,
end to end

Battery LCAs and PCFs demand expertise across the entire value chain — from mining to cathode chemistry to recycling hydrometallurgy. Without that depth, key assumptions and data gaps silently undermine results.

Life Cycle Assessment

From rapid screening to full compliance-grade LCA and Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) studies under ISO 14040/14044/14067. Supporting internal decisions, investor applications, EU Battery Regulation declarations, and public claims.

Benchmarking

Understand how a product compares against industry and competitors. Benchmarking uses robust, industry-relevant datasets to identify where performance leads or lags, and where the largest gains are available.

Battery Material Data

Tracing and developing independent carbon footprint and supply chain data for battery materials — nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese, and graphite — built and tailored to a client's specific supply chain and reporting requirements.

Manufacturing & Recycling

Cell manufacturing, cathode & anode active materials, and battery recycling — pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct cathode rejuvenation — each assessed with process-level granularity.

Strategy & Advisory

Turn sustainability data into practical strategy. Decarbonisation pathways, supply chain screening, regulatory navigation (EU Battery Regulation, GHG Protocol), and long-term environmental strategy.

Critical Review

Independent review of LCA and PCF studies against ISO 14044 and related standards — assessing methodological soundness ahead of public claims, regulatory submissions, and investor-grade reporting.

Battery Footprint Intelligence

The supply chain,
mapped & measured

Mapping the correct origin of battery raw materials is critical for precise environmental footprints. There are hundreds of global mine-to-refinery routes, each with widely varying performance in carbon footprint, pollution, and resource consumption.

Cathode and anode precursor manufacturing and recycling are equally complex — highly sensitive to methods, chemistries, form factors, and regions. Each factor significantly influences environmental impact.

Mapping and quantifying these data points draws on tailored, parametric LCA models built from technical reports, process engineering documents, and primary data, with deep coverage of the most common routes and emerging projects.

This intelligence is developed and tailored to each client's supply chain — routes, materials, and scope are configured to specific requirements.

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CO₂e intensity →

Indonesian laterite — HPAL to MHP to NiSO₄

"Captive coal power plants remain the key driver of emissions."

Finnish sulfide — bio-heap leaching to NiSO₄

"Microbial leaching and low-carbon Nordic grid yield one of the lowest footprints globally."

Indonesian laterite — RKEF matte to NiSO₄

"Energy-intensive smelting combined with coal-heavy grids produces the highest footprint route."

Further nickel routes available on request

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Canadian / Finnish sulfide — byproduct CoSO₄

"Low-carbon grid and byproduct allocation yield a highly competitive footprint."

DRC sulfide — Cu-Co ore to CoSO₄

"Grid mix and refinery efficiency are critical variables — results vary widely by operation."

Indonesian laterite — HPAL byproduct CoSO₄

"Allocation method is decisive — economic vs. mass-based can shift the result significantly."

Further cobalt routes available on request

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Australian spodumene — concentrate to LiOH

"Calcination and high-temperature processing dominate; conversion location strongly influences results."

Chilean brine — solar evaporation to Li₂CO₃

"Solar evaporation minimises energy inputs; water consumption in a stressed catchment is the critical impact."

Argentine brine — solar evaporation to Li₂CO₃

"Similar process profile to Chilean routes; brine chemistry and elevation create distinct water and land use profiles."

Further lithium routes available on request

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Manganese · Graphite · Copper

Route intelligence across manganese sulfate, natural and synthetic graphite, and copper supply chains.

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Cell Manufacturing

LFP, NMC, NCA, LMFP, Na-ion, and novel chemistries across multiple geographies and form factors.

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Battery Recycling

Pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct cathode rejuvenation routes including black mass streams.

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My Guarantee

Scientific rigour,
not a predetermined outcome

I am committed to scientific rigour, transparency, and impartiality. I partner with clients to honestly measure their environmental impact and the way forward.

LCA is a powerful tool for uncovering sustainability insights, but it isn't definitive. It relies on estimates and assumptions that introduce uncertainty. This is standard practice — but LCA is fundamentally indicative and highly iterative, not akin to the precision of financial accounting.

A technology may show notable, marginal, or inconclusive environmental benefit — or none at all. In every case, that's an opportunity to commit or to change design. I've seen companies overclaim without evidence, or build a study around a conclusion rather than toward one — only for it to crumble under scrutiny, wreck credibility, or end in a greenwashing claim.

I do not guarantee outcomes. I guarantee a methodology and report that withstands third-party review, verification, investor due diligence, and public scrutiny. I guarantee an asset, not a liability.

Dr Joris Šimaitis

Founder, The Battery Footprint Co.
LCA Specialist · PhD, MSc, MSci

About

Independent expertise
you can cite

Dr Joris Šimaitis is a specialist LCA practitioner in the energy transition, holding a PhD in battery life cycle assessment, with expertise spanning mining and refining, battery-grade metals and materials, and battery manufacturing and recycling.

He is currently a Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham, specialising in the life cycle assessment of battery recycling, funded by the ReLiB programme under the Faraday Institution.

As lead consultant for firms including Minviro and Benchmark Minerals Intelligence, he has delivered multiple ISO-compliant LCAs and developed hundreds of third-party validated datasets, supporting global companies across the battery value chain. His PhD research focused on advanced life cycle assessment methods for forecasting the future environmental footprints of electric vehicles and battery supply chains.

What sets this work apart is first-hand experience working directly with global companies — understanding what actually sits behind the data, what drives real decisions on the ground, and what practitioners genuinely need to make defensible, meaningful assessments. That context informs every LCA, dataset, and recommendation produced here.

At a glance

third-party reviewed studies — ISO 14040/14044/14067 compliant

other LCA & PCF studies

PCF/LCA studies critically reviewed

research articles · 131 citations

90%+

of global battery-grade material footprint data covered

Selected ISO-Compliant Studies

Šimaitis J, Saputra Lase I, Burns J, Li K. Life Cycle Assessment of Global Class 1 Nickel & Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate. Prepared for the Nickel Institute. Minviro. 2026.

Šimaitis J, Ryan T, Myers S. Life Cycle Assessment of NMC811 Pouch Cells Using Altilium's Prospective UK Recycled Cathode Active Materials. Prepared for Jaguar Land Rover. Minviro. 2025.

Šimaitis J, McKercher H. Explorative Carbon Footprint of Product Study for Nordic NMC811 and LFP Battery Cells. Prepared for Battery Norway. Minviro. 2025.

Selected Publications

Šimaitis J, Lupton R, Vagg C, Butnar I, Sacchi R, Allen S. Battery electric vehicles show the lowest carbon footprints among passenger cars across 1.5–3.0 °C energy decarbonisation pathways. Communications Earth & Environment. 2025.

Šimaitis J, Butnar I, Sacchi R, Allen S, Lupton R, Vagg C. Expanding scenario diversity in prospective LCA: Coupling the TIAM-UCL integrated assessment model with Premise and ecoinvent. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2025.

Šimaitis J, Allen S, Vagg C. Are future recycling benefits misleading? Prospective life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2024.

Worked with

Engagements span world-leading OEMs, industry bodies, and battery manufacturers across the value chain.

JLR Nickel Institute Minviro Benchmark Minerals Intelligence Freudenberg Altilium Ellen MacArthur Foundation European Commission International Lithium Association (ILiA) Battery Norway University of Bath UCL Innoval Climate Change Committee (CCC) Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Eight Versa Nursem Razbio Carbon Graph Pathways IAAPS ISCC

Independent LCA. From mine to cell.

Why environmental intelligence
matters now

Expert analysis,
end to end

The supply chain,
mapped & measured

Scientific rigour,
not a predetermined outcome

Independent expertise
you can cite

Let's talk battery footprints

Independent LCA. From mine to cell.

Why environmental intelligencematters now

Expert analysis,end to end

The supply chain,mapped & measured

Scientific rigour,not a predetermined outcome

Independent expertiseyou can cite

Let's talk battery footprints

Why environmental intelligence
matters now

Expert analysis,
end to end

The supply chain,
mapped & measured

Scientific rigour,
not a predetermined outcome

Independent expertise
you can cite